1) How do you construct an increment statement or
decrement statement in C?
There are
actually two ways you can do this. One is to use the increment operator ++ and
decrement operator –. For example, the statement “x++” means to increment the
value of x by 1. Likewise, the statement “x –” means to decrement the value of
x by 1. Another way of writing increment statements is to use the conventional
+ plus sign or – minus sign. In the case of “x++”, another way to write it is
“x = x +1”.
2) What is the difference between Call by Value and
Call by Reference?
When using Call by Value, you are sending the value
of a variable as parameter to a function, whereas Call by Reference sends the
address of the variable. Also, under Call by Value, the value in the parameter
is not affected by whatever operation that takes place, while in the case of
Call by Reference, values can be affected by the process within the function.
3) Some coders debug their programs by placing
comment symbols on some codes instead of deleting it. How does this aid in
debugging?
Placing comment symbols /* */ around a code, also
referred to as “commenting out”, is a way of isolating some codes that you
think maybe causing errors in the program, without deleting the code. The idea
is that if the code is in fact correct, you simply remove the comment symbols
and continue on. It also saves you time and effort on having to retype the
codes if you have deleted it in the first place.
4) What is the equivalent code of the following
statement in WHILE LOOP format?
1
2
3
|
for
(a=1; a<=100; a++)
printf
("%d\n", a * a);
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
a=1;
while
(a<=100) {
printf
("%d\n", a * a);
a++;
}
|
5) What is a stack?
A stack is one form of a data structure. Data is
stored in stacks using the FILO (First In Last Out) approach. At any particular
instance, only the top of the stack is accessible, which means that in order to
retrieve data that is stored inside the stack, those on the upper part should
be extracted first. Storing data in a stack is also referred to as a PUSH,
while data retrieval is referred to as a POP.
6) What is a sequential access file?
When writing programs that will store and retrieve
data in a file, it is possible to designate that file into different forms. A
sequential access file is such that data are saved in sequential order: one
data is placed into the file after another. To access a particular data within
the sequential access file, data has to be read one data at a time, until the
right one is reached.
7) What is variable initialization and why is it
important?
This refers to the process wherein a variable is
assigned an initial value before it is used in the program. Without
initialization, a variable would have an unknown value, which can lead to
unpredictable outputs when used in computations or other operations.
8 What is spaghetti programming?
Spaghetti programming refers to codes that tend to
get tangled and overlapped throughout the program. This unstructured approach
to coding is usually attributed to lack of experience on the part of the
programmer. Spaghetti programing makes a program complex and analyzing the
codes difficult, and so must be avoided as much as possible.
9) Differentiate Source Codes from Object Codes
Source codes are codes that were written by the
programmer. It is made up of the commands and other English-like keywords that
are supposed to instruct the computer what to do. However, computers would not
be able to understand source codes. Therefore, source codes are compiled using
a compiler. The resulting outputs are object codes, which are in a format that
can be understood by the computer processor. In C programming, source codes are
saved with the file extension .C, while object codes are saved with the file
extension .OBJ
10) In C programming, how do you insert quote
characters (‘ and “) into the output screen?
This is a common problem for beginners because
quotes are normally part of a printf statement. To insert the quote character
as part of the output, use the format specifiers ’ (for single quote), and ”
(for double quote).
11) What is the use of a ‘’ character?
It is referred to as a terminating null character,
and is used primarily to show the end of a string value.
12) What is the difference between the = symbol and
== symbol?
The = symbol is often used in mathematical
operations. It is used to assign a value to a given variable. On the other
hand, the == symbol, also known as “equal to” or “equivalent to”, is a
relational operator that is used to compare two values.
13) What is the modulus operator?
The modulus operator outputs the remainder of a
division. It makes use of the percentage (%) symbol. For example: 10 % 3 = 1,
meaning when you divide 10 by 3, the remainder is 1.
14) What is a nested loop?
A nested loop is a loop that runs within another
loop. Put it in another sense, you have an inner loop that is inside an outer
loop. In this scenario, the inner loop is performed a number of times as
specified by the outer loop. For each turn on the outer loop, the inner loop is
first performed.
15) Which of the following operators is incorrect
and why? ( >=, <=, <>, ==)
<> is incorrect. While this operator is
correctly interpreted as “not equal to” in writing conditional
statements, it is not the proper operator to be used in C programming. Instead,
the operator != must be used to indicate “not equal to” condition.
16) Compare and contrast compilers from
interpreters.
Compilers and interpreters often deal with how
program codes are executed. Interpreters execute program codes one line at a
time, while compilers take the program as a whole and convert it into object
code, before executing it. The key difference here is that in the case of
interpreters, a program may encounter syntax errors in the middle of execution,
and will stop from there. On the other hand, compilers check the syntax of the
entire program and will only proceed to execution when no syntax errors are
found.
17) How do you declare a variable that will hold
string values?
The char keyword can only hold 1 character value at
a time. By creating an array of characters, you can store string values in it.
Example: “char MyName[50]; ” declares a string variable named MyName that can
hold a maximum of 50 characters.
18) Can the curly brackets { } be used to enclose a
single line of code?
While
curly brackets are mainly used to group several lines of codes, it will still
work without error if you used it for a single line. Some programmers prefer
this method as a way of organizing codes to make it look clearer, especially in
conditional statements.
19) What are header files and what are its uses in
C programming?
Header
files are also known as library files. They contain two essential things: the
definitions and prototypes of functions being used in a program. Simply put,
commands that you use in C programming are actually functions that are defined
from within each header files. Each header file contains a set of functions.
For example: stdio.h is a header file that contains definition and prototypes
of commands like printf and scanf.
20) What is syntax error?
Syntax errors are associated with mistakes in the
use of a programming language. It maybe a command that was misspelled or a
command that must was entered in lowercase mode but was instead entered with an
upper case character. A misplaced symbol, or lack of symbol, somewhere within a
line of code can also lead to syntax error.
21) What are variables and it what way is it
different from constants?
Variables
and constants may at first look similar in a sense that both are identifiers
made up of one character or more characters (letters, numbers and a few
allowable symbols). Both will also hold a particular value. Values held
by a variable can be altered throughout the program, and can be used in most
operations and computations. Constants are given values at one time only,
placed at the beginning of a program. This value is not altered in the program.
For example, you can assigned a constant named PI and give it a value
3.1415 . You can then use it as PI in the program, instead of
having to write 3.1415 each time you need it.
22) How do you access the values within an array?
Arrays contain a number of elements, depending on
the size you gave it during variable declaration. Each element is assigned a
number from 0 to number of elements-1. To assign or retrieve the value of a
particular element, refer to the element number. For example: if you have a
declaration that says “intscores[5];”, then you have 5 accessible elements,
namely: scores[0], scores[1], scores[2], scores[3] and scores[4].
23) Can I use “int” data type to store the
value 32768? Why?
No. “int” data type is capable of storing values
from -32768 to 32767. To store 32768, you can use “long int” instead. You can
also use “unsigned int”, assuming you don’t intend to store negative values.
24) Can two or more operators such as n and t be
combined in a single line of program code?
Yes, it’s
perfectly valid to combine operators, especially if the need arises. For
example: you can have a code like ” printf (“Hellonn’World'”) ” to output the
text “Hello” on the first line and “World” enclosed in single quotes to appear
on the next two lines.
25) Why is it that not all header files are
declared in every C program?
The choice of declaring a header file at the top of
each C program would depend on what commands/functions you will be using in
that program. Since each header file contains different function definitions and
prototype, you would be using only those header files that would contain the
functions you will need. Declaring all header files in every program would only
increase the overall file size and load of the program, and is not considered a
good programming style.
26) When is the “void” keyword used in a function?
When declaring functions, you will decide whether
that function would be returning a value or not. If that function will not
return a value, such as when the purpose of a function is to display some
outputs on the screen, then “void” is to be placed at the leftmost part of the
function header. When a return value is expected after the function execution,
the data type of the return value is placed instead of “void”.
27) What are compound statements?
Compound statements are made up of two or more
program statements that are executed together. This usually occurs while
handling conditions wherein a series of statements are executed when a TRUE or
FALSE is evaluated. Compound statements can also be executed within a loop.
Curly brackets { } are placed before and after compound statements.
28) What is the significance of an algorithm to C
programming?
Before a program can be written, an algorithm has
to be created first. An algorithm provides a step by step procedure on how a
solution can be derived. It also acts as a blueprint on how a program will
start and end, including what process and computations are involved.
29) What is the advantage of an array over
individual variables?
When storing multiple related data, it is a good
idea to use arrays. This is because arrays are named using only 1 word followed
by an element number. For example: to store the 10 test results of 1 student,
one can use 10 different variable names (grade1, grade2, grade3… grade10). With
arrays, only 1 name is used, the rest are accessible through the index name
(grade[0], grade[1], grade[2]… grade[9]).
30) Write a loop statement that will show the
following output:
1
12
123
1234
12345
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
for
(a=1; a<=5; i++) {
for
(b=1; b<=a; b++)
printf("%d",b);
printf("\n");
}
|
31) What is wrong in this statement?
scanf(“%d”,whatnumber);
An ampersand & symbol must be placed before the
variable name whatnumber. Placing & means whatever integer value is entered
by the user is stored at the “address” of the variable name. This is a common
mistake for programmers, often leading to logical errors.
32) How do you generate random numbers in C?
Random numbers are generated in C using the rand()
command. For example: anyNum = rand() will generate any integer number
beginning from 0, assuming that anyNum is a variable of type integer.
33) What could possibly be the problem if a valid
function name such as tolower() is being reported by the C compiler as
undefined?
The most probable reason behind this error is that
the header file for that function was not indicated at the top of the program.
Header files contain the definition and prototype for functions and commands
used in a C program. In the case of “tolower()”, the code “#include
<ctype.h>” must be present at the beginning of the program.
34) What are comments and how do you insert it in a
C program?
Comments are a great way to put some remarks or
description in a program. It can serves as a reminder on what the program is
all about, or a description on why a certain code or function was placed there
in the first place. Comments begin with /* and ended by */ characters. Comments
can be a single line, or can even span several lines. It can be placed anywhere
in the program.
35) What is debugging?
Debugging is the process of identifying errors
within a program. During program compilation, errors that are found will stop
the program from executing completely. At this state, the programmer would look
into the possible portions where the error occurred. Debugging ensures the
removal of errors, and plays an important role in ensuring that the expected
program output is met.
36) What does the && operator do in a
program code?
The && is also referred to as AND operator.
When using this operator, all conditions specified must be TRUE before the next
action can be performed. If you have 10 conditions and all but 1 fails to
evaluate as TRUE, the entire condition statement is already evaluated as FALSE.
37) In C programming, what command or code can be
used to determine if a number of odd or even?
There is
no single command or function in C that can check if a number is odd or even.
However, this can be accomplished by dividing that number by 2, then checking
the remainder. If the remainder is 0, then that number is even, otherwise, it
is odd. You can write it in code as:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
if
(num % 2 == 0)
printf("EVEN");
else
printf("ODD");
|
38) What does the format %10.2 mean when included
in a printf statement?
This
format is used for two things: to set the number of spaces allotted for the
output number and to set the number of decimal places. The number before the
decimal point is for the allotted space, in this case it would allot 10 spaces
for the output number. If the number of space occupied by the output number is
less than 10, addition space characters will be inserted before the actual
output number. The number after the decimal point sets the number of decimal
places, in this case, it’s 2 decimal spaces.
39) What are logical errors and how does it differ
from syntax errors?
Program that contains logical errors tend to pass
the compilation process, but the resulting output may not be the expected one.
This happens when a wrong formula was inserted into the code, or a wrong
sequence of commands was performed. Syntax errors, on the other hand, deal with
incorrect commands that are misspelled or not recognized by the compiler.
40) What are the different types of control structures
in programming?
There are 3 main control structures in programming:
Sequence, Selection and Repetition. Sequential control follows a top to bottom
flow in executing a program, such that step 1 is first perform, followed by
step 2, all the way until the last step is performed. Selection deals with
conditional statements, which mean codes are executed depending on the
evaluation of conditions as being TRUE or FALSE. This also means that not all
codes may be executed, and there are alternative flows within. Repetitions are
also known as loop structures, and will repeat one or two program statements
set by a counter.
41) What is || operator and how does it function in
a program?
The || is also known as the OR operator in C
programming. When using || to evaluate logical conditions, any condition that
evaluates to TRUE will render the entire condition statement as TRUE.
42) Can the “if” function be used in comparing
strings?
No. “if” command can only be used to compare
numerical values and single character values. For comparing string values,
there is another function called strcmp that deals specifically with strings.
43) What are preprocessor directives?
Preprocessor directives are placed at the beginning
of every C program. This is where library files are specified, which would
depend on what functions are to be used in the program. Another use of
preprocessor directives is the declaration of constants.Preprocessor directives
begin with the # symbol.
44) What will be the outcome of the following
conditional statement if the value of variable s is 10?
s >=10 && s < 25 && s!=12
The outcome will be TRUE. Since the value of s is
10, s >= 10 evaluates to TRUE because s is not greater than 10 but is still
equal to 10. s< 25 is also TRUE since 10 is less then 25. Just the same,
s!=12, which means s is not equal to 12, evaluates to TRUE. The && is
the AND operator, and follows the rule that if all individual conditions are
TRUE, the entire statement is TRUE.
45) Describe the order of precedence with regards
to operators in C.
Order of precedence determines which operation must
first take place in an operation statement or conditional statement. On the top
most level of precedence are the unary operators !, +, – and &. It is
followed by the regular mathematical operators (*, / and modulus % first,
followed by + and -). Next in line are the relational operators <, <=,
>= and >. This is then followed by the two equality operators == and !=.
The logical operators && and || are next evaluated. On the last level
is the assignment operator =.
46) What is wrong with this statement? myName =
“Robin”;
You cannot use the = sign to assign values to a
string variable. Instead, use the strcpy function. The correct statement would
be: strcpy(myName, “Robin”);
47) How do you determine the length of a string
value that was stored in a variable?
To get the length of a string value, use the
function strlen(). For example, if you have a variable named FullName, you can
get the length of the stored string value by using this statement: I =
strlen(FullName); the variable I will now have the character length of the
string value.
48) Is it possible to initialize a variable at the
time it was declared?
Yes, you don’t have to write a separate assignment
statement after the variable declaration, unless you plan to change it later
on. For example: char planet[15] = “Earth”; does two things: it declares
a string variable named planet, then initializes it with the value “Earth”.
49) Why is C language being considered a middle
level language?
This is
because C language is rich in features that make it behave like a high level
language while at the same time can interact with hardware using low level
methods. The use of a well structured approach to programming, coupled with
English-like words used in functions, makes it act as a high level language. On
the other hand, C can directly access memory structures similar to assembly
language routines.
50) What are the different file extensions involved
when programming in C?
Source
codes in C are saved with .C file extension. Header files or library files have
the .H file extension. Every time a program source code is successfully
compiled, it creates an .OBJ object file, and an executable .EXE file.
51) What are reserved words?
Reserved words are words that are part of the
standard C language library. This means that reserved words have special
meaning and therefore cannot be used for purposes other than what it is
originally intended for. Examples of reserved words are int, void, and return.
52) What are linked list?
A linked list is composed of nodes that are
connected with another. In C programming, linked lists are created using
pointers. Using linked lists is one efficient way of utilizing memory for
storage.
53) What is FIFO?
In C programming, there is a data structure known
as queue. In this structure, data is stored and accessed using FIFO format, or
First-In-First-Out. A queue represents a line wherein the first data that was
stored will be the first one that is accessible as well.
54) What are binary trees?
Binary trees are actually an extension of the
concept of linked lists. A binary tree has two pointers, a left one and a right
one. Each side can further branch to form additional nodes, which each node
having two pointers as well.
55) Not all reserved words are written in
lowercase. TRUE or FALSE?
FALSE. All reserved words must be written in
lowercase; otherwise the C compiler would interpret this as unidentified and
invalid.
56) What is the difference between the expression
“++a” and “a++”?
In the first expression, the increment would happen
first on variable a, and the resulting value will be the one to be used. This
is also known as a prefix increment. In the second expression, the current
value of variable a would the one to be used in an operation, before the value
of a itself is incremented. This is also known as postfix increment.
57) What would happen to X in this expression: X +=
15; (assuming the value of X is 5)
X +=15 is a short method of writing X = X + 15, so
if the initial value of X is 5, then 5 + 15 = 20.
58) In C language, the variables NAME, name, and
Name are all the same. TRUE or FALSE?
FALSE. C language is a case sensitive language.
Therefore, NAME, name and Name are three uniquely different variables.
59) What is an endless loop?
An endless loop can mean two things. One is that it
was designed to loop continuously until the condition within the loop is met,
after which a break function would cause the program to step out of the loop.
Another idea of an endless loop is when an incorrect loop condition was
written, causing the loop to run erroneously forever. Endless loops are
oftentimes referred to as infinite loops.
60) What is a program flowchart and how does it
help in writing a program?
A flowchart provides a visual representation of the
step by step procedure towards solving a given problem. Flowcharts are made of
symbols, with each symbol in the form of different shapes. Each shape may
represent a particular entity within the entire program structure, such as a
process, a condition, or even an input/output phase.
61) What is wrong with this program statement? void
= 10;
The word void is a reserved word in C language. You
cannot use reserved words as a user-defined variable.
62) Is this program statement valid? INT = 10.50;
Assuming that INT is a variable of type float, this
statement is valid. One may think that INT is a reserved word and must not be
used for other purposes. However, recall that reserved words are express in
lowercase, so the C compiler will not interpret this as a reserved word.
63) What are actual arguments?
When you
create and use functions that need to perform an action on some given values,
you need to pass these given values to that function. The values that are being
passed into the called function are referred to as actual arguments.
64) What is a newline escape sequence?
A newline
escape sequence is represented by the n character. This is used to insert a new
line when displaying data in the output screen. More spaces can be added by inserting
more n characters. For example, nn would insert two spaces. A newline escape
sequence can be placed before the actual output expression or after.
65) What is output redirection?
It is the process of transferring data to an
alternative output source other than the display screen. Output redirection
allows a program to have its output saved to a file. For example, if you have a
program named COMPUTE, typing this on the command line as COMPUTE >DATA can
accept input from the user, perform certain computations, then have the output
redirected to a file named DATA, instead of showing it on the screen.
66) What are run-time errors?
These are
errors that occur while the program is being executed. One common instance
wherein run-time errors can happen is when you are trying to divide a number by
zero. When run-time errors occur, program execution will pause, showing which
program line caused the error.
67) What is the difference between functions abs()
and fabs()?
These 2 functions basically perform the same
action, which is to get the absolute value of the given value. Abs() is used
for integer values, while fabs() is used for floating type numbers. Also, the
prototype for abs() is under <stdlib.h>, while fabs() is under
<math.h>.
68) What are formal parameters?
In using functions in a C program, formal
parameters contain the values that were passed by the calling function. The
values are substituted in these formal parameters and used in whatever
operations as indicated within the main body of the called function.
69) What are control structures?
Control
structures take charge at which instructions are to be performed in a program.
This means that program flow may not necessarily move from one statement to the
next one, but rather some alternative portions may need to be pass into or
bypassed from, depending on the outcome of the conditional statements.
70) Write a simple code fragment that will check if
a number is positive or negative.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
If
(num>=0)
printf("number
is positive");
else
printf
("number is negative");
|
71) When is a “switch” statement preferable over an
“if” statement?
The switch statement is best used when dealing with
selections based on a single variable or expression. However, switch statements
can only evaluate integer and character data types.
72) What are global variables and how do you
declare them?
Global variables are variables that can be accessed
and manipulated anywhere in the program. To make a variable global, place the
variable declaration on the upper portion of the program, just after the
preprocessor directives section.
73) What are enumerated types?
Enumerated
types allow the programmer to use more meaningful words as values to a
variable. Each item in the enumerated type variable is actually associated with
a numeric code. For example, one can create an enumerated type variable named
DAYS whose values are Monday, Tuesday… Sunday.
74) What does the function toupper() do?
It is used to convert any letter to its upper case
mode. Toupper() function prototype is declared in <ctype.h>. Note that
this function will only convert a single character, and not an entire string.
75) Is it possible to have a function as a
parameter in another function?
Yes, that is allowed in C programming. You just
need to include the entire function prototype into the parameter field of the
other function where it is to be used.
76) What are multidimensional arrays?
Multidimensional arrays are capable of storing data
in a two or more dimensional structure. For example, you can use a 2
dimensional array to store the current position of pieces in a chess game, or
position of players in a tic-tac-toe program.
77) Which function in C can be used to append a
string to another string?
The strcat function. It takes two parameters, the
source string and the string value to be appended to the source string.
78) What is the difference between functions
getch() and getche()?
Both
functions will accept a character input value from the user. When using getch(),
the key that was pressed will not appear on the screen, and is automatically
captured and assigned to a variable. When using getche(), the key that was
pressed by the user will appear on the screen, while at the same time being
assigned to a variable.
79) Dothese two program statements perform the same
output? 1) scanf(“%c”, &letter); 2) letter=getchar()
Yes, they both do the exact same thing, which is to
accept the next key pressed by the user and assign it to variable named letter.
80) What are structure types in C?
Structure types are primarily used to store
records. A record is made up of related fields. This makes it easier to
organize a group of related data.
81) What does the characters “r” and “w” mean when
writing programs that will make use of files?
“r” means “read” and will open a file as input
wherein data is to be retrieved. “w” means “write”, and will open a file for
output. Previous data that was stored on that file will be erased.
82) What is the difference between text files and
binary files?
Text
files contain data that can easily be understood by humans. It includes
letters, numbers and other characters. On the other hand, binary files contain
1s and 0s that only computers can interpret.
83) is it possible to create your own header files?
Yes, it is possible to create a customized header
file. Just include in it the function prototypes that you want to use in your
program, and use the #include directive followed by the name of your header
file.
84) What is dynamic data structure?
Dynamic data structure provides a means for storing
data more efficiently into memory. Using dynamic memory allocation, your
program will access memory spaces as needed. This is in contrast to static data
structure, wherein the programmer has to indicate a fix number of memory space
to be used in the program.
85) What are the different data types in C?
The basic data types are int, char, and float. Int
is used to declare variables that will be storing integer values. Float is used
to store real numbers. Char can store individual character values.
86) What is the general form of a C program?
A C program begins with the preprocessor
directives, in which the programmer would specify which header file and what
constants (if any) to be used. This is followed by the main function heading.
Within the main function lies the variable declaration and program statement.
87) What is the advantage of a random access file?
If the
amount of data stored in a file is fairly large, the use of random access will
allow you to search through it quicker. If it had been a sequential access
file, you would have to go through one record at a time until you reach the
target data. A random access file lets you jump directly to the target address
where data is located.
88) In a switch statement, what will happen if a
break statement is omitted?
If a break statement was not placed at the end of a
particular case portion? It will move on to the next case portion, possibly
causing incorrect output.
89) Describe how arrays can be passed to a user
defined function
One thing to note is that you cannot pass the
entire array to a function. Instead, you pass to it a pointer that will point
to the array first element in memory. To do this, you indicate the name of the
array without the brackets.
90) What are pointers?
Pointers point to specific areas in the memory.
Pointers contain the address of a variable, which in turn may contain a value
or even an address to another memory.
91) Can you pass an entire structure to functions?
Yes, it is possible to pass an entire structure to
a function in a call by method style. However, some programmers prefer
declaring the structure globally, then pass a variable of that structure type
to a function. This method helps maintain consistency and uniformity in terms of
argument type.
92) What is gets() function?
The gets() function allows a full line data entry
from the user. When the user presses the enter key to end the input, the entire
line of characters is stored to a string variable. Note that the enter key is
not included in the variable, but instead a null terminator is placed after the
last character.
93) The % symbol has a special use in a printf
statement. How would you place this character as part of the output on the
screen?
You can
do this by using %% in the printf statement. For example, you can write
printf(“10%%”) to have the output appear as 10% on the screen.
94) How do you search data in a data file using
random access method?
Use the fseek() function to perform random access
input/ouput on a file. After the file was opened by the fopen() function, the
fseek would require three parameters to work: a file pointer to the file, the
number of bytes to search, and the point of origin in the file.
95) Are comments included during the compilation
stage and placed in the EXE file as well?
No, comments that were encountered by the compiler
are disregarded. Comments are mostly for the guidance of the programmer only
and do not have any other significant use in the program functionality.
96) Is there a built-in function in C that can be
used for sorting data?
Yes, use
the qsort() function. It is also possible to create user defined functions for
sorting, such as those based on the balloon sort and bubble sort algorithm.
97) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a
heap?
Storing
data on the heap is slower than it would take when using the stack. However,
the main advantage of using the heap is its flexibility. That’s because memory
in this structure can be allocated and remove in any particular order. Slowness
in the heap can be compensated if an algorithm was well designed and
implemented.
98) How do you convert strings to numbers in C?
You can write you own functions to do string to
number conversions, or instead use C’s built in functions. You can use atof to
convert to a floating point value, atoi to convert to an integer value, and
atol to convert to a long integer value.
99) Create a simple code fragment that will swap
the values of two variables num1 and num2.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
int
temp;
temp
= num1;
num1
= num2;
num2
= temp;
|
100) What is the use of a semicolon (;) at the end
of every program statement?
It has to do with the parsing process and
compilation of the code. A semicolon acts as a delimiter, so that the compiler
knows where each statement ends, and can proceed to divide the statement into
smaller elements for syntax checking.
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